]> A biological process that results in a clinically meaningful change to the response of at least one drug when taken with a food product. Georgeta Bordea FDI food-drug interaction Georgeta Bordea clinically relevant potential food-drug interaction Georgeta Bordea metabolic potential food-drug interaction A metabolism induction potential food-drug interaction that is about an increase of metabolic activity because of either an increased expression of the enzyme or inference with how the enzyme contributes to the metabolic process. Georgeta Bordea metabolism induction potential food-drug interaction A metabolism inhibition potential food-drug interaction that is about an decrease of metabolic activity because of either a decreased expression of the enzyme or inference with how the enzyme contributes to the metabolic process. Georgeta Bordea metabolism inhibition potential food-drug interaction An information content entity that makes a statement about a chemical substance being an object in a food-drug interaction. Georgeta Bordea object chemical substance information An information content entity that makes a statement about a food product being an object in a food-drug interaction. Georgeta Bordea object food information An information content entity that makes a statement about a drug product being a precipitant in a food-drug interaction. Georgeta Bordea precipitant chemical substance information An information content entity that makes a statement about a drug product being a precipitant in a food-drug interaction. Georgeta Bordea precipitant food information In vitro experiments confirmed that furanocoumarins from grapefruit juice are both competitive and mechanism-based inhibitors of CYP3A4. An information content entity that represents a food-drug interaction as a directional series of molecular processes. Georgeta Bordea mechanism of food-drug interaction information evidence information from randomized food-drug interaction clinical trial object food chemical substance information object drug chemical substance information precipitant food chemical substance information precipitant drug chemical substance information The role that inheres in a food product or food component and that is realized by being affected by a drug in a food-drug interaction. Georgeta Bordea object food role The role that inheres in a food product or food component and that is realized by affecting a drug pharmacokinetically or pharmacodynamically in a food-drug interaction. Georgeta Bordea precipitant food role A potential food-drug interaction (PFDI) is an information content entity that specifies the possibility of a food-drug interaction based on either reasonable extrapolation about food-drug interaction mechanisms or a data item created by clinical studies, clinical observation or physiological experiment. Georgeta Bordea PFDI potential food-drug interaction basic food product food component product green vegetable food product vitamin K-rich food product soya oil tyramine-rich food product natto pomegranate juice pomegranate food product pomelo food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1702 subset_siren pomelo (whole, raw) Stockley’s Drug Interactions 2008 Stockley’s Drug Interactions 2016 A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound. chebi_ontology CHEBI:5050 fexofenadine A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation between pyridine-4-carboxylic acid and hydrazine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6030 isoniazide A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. CHEBI:13734 CHEBI:22237 CHEBI:2472 CHEBI:40558 CHEBI:40825 CHEBI:40906 chebi_ontology CHEBI:16335 adenosine A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle. CHEBI:63586 CHEBI:91802 chebi_ontology CHEBI:4031 cyclosporin A The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. CHEBI:4378 CHEBI:45727 chebi_ontology CHEBI:119573 delavirdine A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. chebi_ontology CHEBI:5130 flurbiprofen A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice. chebi_ontology CHEBI:10033 warfarin A member of the aluminium hydroxides that has formula H3AlO3. CHEBI:30193 CHEBI:31195 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33130 aluminium hydroxide Any substance which is used to neutralise stomach acidity. chebi_ontology CHEBI:65265 antacid A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52210 pharmacological role A calcium salt with formula CCaO3. chebi_ontology CHEBI:3311 calcium carbonate A magnesium salt with formula CMgO3. Its hydrated forms, particularly the di-, tri-, and tetrahydrates occur as minerals. chebi_ontology CHEBI:31793 magnesium carbonate chebi_ontology CHEBI:23765 quinolone An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2379 acebutolol A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group. CHEBI:494206 chebi_ontology CHEBI:53766 acenocoumarol A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a propylsulfanyl group at position 5. It is commonly used in the treatment of parasitic worm infestations. CHEBI:13751 CHEBI:22286 CHEBI:2545 chebi_ontology CHEBI:16664 albendazole A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2569 alfentanil A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2663 amiodarone An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2666 amitriptyline A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2668 amlodipine A tetrahydrofuryl ester that has formula C25H35N3O6S. CHEBI:2684 CHEBI:40043 chebi_ontology CHEBI:40050 amprenavir An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. chebi_ontology CHEBI:195280 artemether A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2896 astemizole A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is a member of the drug class known as statins, used primarily for lowering blood cholesterol and for preventing cardiovascular diseases. CHEBI:2910 CHEBI:39538 chebi_ontology CHEBI:39548 atorvastatin A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22720 benzodiazepine A retinoid that has formula C24H28O2. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50859 bexarotene A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. chebi_ontology CHEBI:3207 budesonide An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. chebi_ontology CHEBI:3223 buspirone A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee. CHEBI:22982 CHEBI:3295 CHEBI:41472 chebi_ontology CHEBI:27732 caffeine One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. chebi_ontology CHEBI:38215 calcium channel blocker A membrane transport modulator that is able to regulate intracellular calcium levels. chebi_ontology CHEBI:38808 calcium channel modulator Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane. chebi_ontology CHEBI:38632 membrane transport modulator chebi_ontology CHEBI:52208 biophysical role A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. CHEBI:115086 chebi_ontology CHEBI:3387 carbamazepine A chemical substance that prevents or reduces the probability of conception. chebi_ontology CHEBI:49323 contraceptive drug A substance used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50689 reproductive control drug Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23888 drug Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. CHEBI:33293 CHEBI:33294 chebi_ontology CHEBI:52217 pharmaceutical Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33232 application A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50858 corticosteroid chebi_ontology CHEBI:23403 coumarins Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness. chebi_ontology CHEBI:291342 desloratadine A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. CHEBI:4494 CHEBI:49574 chebi_ontology CHEBI:49575 diazepam A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. CHEBI:41856 CHEBI:569365 CHEBI:616935 chebi_ontology CHEBI:4551 digoxin A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. CHEBI:4602 chebi_ontology CHEBI:101278 diltiazem A steroid acid ester that has formula C24H30O6. chebi_ontology CHEBI:31547 eplerenone A quinazoline compound having a (3-ethynylphenyl)amino group at the 4-position and two 2-methoxyethoxy groups at the 6- and 7-positions. CHEBI:40877 chebi_ontology CHEBI:114785 erlotinib Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus). chebi_ontology CHEBI:48923 erythromycin A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. CHEBI:42364 chebi_ontology CHEBI:23965 estradiol The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. CHEBI:49383 CHEBI:4996 chebi_ontology CHEBI:585948 felodipine The carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. CHEBI:310077 CHEBI:5012 chebi_ontology CHEBI:119915 fentanyl A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. chebi_ontology CHEBI:5118 fluoxetine A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia. chebi_ontology CHEBI:38561 fluvastatin A 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime that has formula C15H21F3N2O2. chebi_ontology CHEBI:5138 fluvoxamine A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir. chebi_ontology CHEBI:82941 fosamprenavir A phenanthrene that has formula C26H30Cl2F3NO. chebi_ontology CHEBI:5612 Halofantrine A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. chebi_ontology CHEBI:5613 haloperidol A compound which inhibits or antagonizes the biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). chebi_ontology CHEBI:37670 protease inhibitor A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydrolase acting on peptide bonds (peptidase), EC 3.4.*.*). CHEBI:76763 chebi_ontology CHEBI:60258 EC 3.4.* (hydrolases acting on peptide bond) inhibitor Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76759 EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52206 biochemical role A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. CHEBI:47498 CHEBI:5881 chebi_ontology CHEBI:47499 imipramine A N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine that has formula C36H47N5O4. CHEBI:44029 CHEBI:5898 chebi_ontology CHEBI:44032 indinavir An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6076 itraconazole A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure. chebi_ontology CHEBI:85966 ivabradine A sulfoxide that has formula C16H14F3N3O2S. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6375 lansoprazole A diarylmethane that has formula C36H41N3O6. chebi_ontology CHEBI:135930 lercanidipine The L-enantiomer of thyroxine. CHEBI:13177 CHEBI:21406 CHEBI:45848 CHEBI:7663 chebi_ontology CHEBI:18332 L-thyroxine A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position chebi_ontology CHEBI:6541 losartan A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). CHEBI:40299 CHEBI:6544 chebi_ontology CHEBI:40303 lovastatin A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide. chebi_ontology CHEBI:25106 macrolide A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6807 methadone An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6931 midazolam A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35482 opioid analgesic An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35480 analgesic A dihydropyridine that has formula C26H29N3O6. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7550 Nicardipine A dihydropyridine that has formula C17H18N2O6. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7565 nifedipine A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7575 nimodipine A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7577 nisoldipine A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7582 nitrendipine A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7772 omeprazole A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:8212 pimozide A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. CHEBI:8360 chebi_ontology CHEBI:63618 pravastatin A pyrazinoisoquinoline that has formula C19H24N2O2. CHEBI:8363 chebi_ontology CHEBI:45267 praziquantel A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. chebi_ontology CHEBI:8378 prednisolone A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. chebi_ontology CHEBI:8382 prednisone An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. CHEBI:8465 chebi_ontology CHEBI:63619 propafenone A benzodiazepine that has formula C17H11ClF4N2S. chebi_ontology CHEBI:8694 Quazepam A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. CHEBI:127150 CHEBI:26494 CHEBI:355477 CHEBI:529982 CHEBI:595841 CHEBI:597286 CHEBI:604323 CHEBI:8719 chebi_ontology CHEBI:28593 quinidine A cinchona alkaloid that is cinchonidine in which the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring is substituted by methoxy. CHEBI:127176 CHEBI:15001 CHEBI:26499 CHEBI:355947 CHEBI:569215 CHEBI:602929 CHEBI:8723 chebi_ontology CHEBI:15854 quinine A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina. chebi_ontology CHEBI:87681 ranolazine A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer). chebi_ontology CHEBI:38545 rosuvastatin An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. CHEBI:9028 chebi_ontology CHEBI:63621 saquinavir A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. chebi_ontology CHEBI:9123 sertraline A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. CHEBI:46436 CHEBI:600437 chebi_ontology CHEBI:9139 sildenafil A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. CHEBI:45577 chebi_ontology CHEBI:9150 simvastatin A macrolide isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. CHEBI:45276 CHEBI:67812 chebi_ontology CHEBI:9168 sirolimus Any organooxygen compound whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:87631 statin A pyrazinopyridoindole that is 2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino[1',2':1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group (the 6R,12aR-diastereomer). A phosphodiesterase V inhibitor inhibitor, currently marketed in pill form for treating erectile dysfunction under the name Cialis; and under the name Adcirca for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. CHEBI:32177 CHEBI:41488 chebi_ontology CHEBI:71940 tadalafil An urea that has formula C20H33N3O3. chebi_ontology CHEBI:135533 talinolol A diarylmethane that has formula C32H41NO2. chebi_ontology CHEBI:9453 Terfenadine A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 3. It is structurally similar to caffeine and is found in green and black tea. CHEBI:26940 CHEBI:45950 CHEBI:9523 chebi_ontology CHEBI:28177 theophylline A triazolobenzodiazepine that has formula C17H12Cl2N4. chebi_ontology CHEBI:9674 triazolam The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:46295 vardenafil A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine. chebi_ontology CHEBI:9948 verapamil A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. CHEBI:2386 CHEBI:46191 chebi_ontology CHEBI:46195 paracetamol A hydroxycoumarin that is methane in which two hydrogens have each been substituted by a 4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl group. Related to warfarin, it has been used as an anticoagulant. CHEBI:469386 chebi_ontology CHEBI:4513 dicoumarol A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. CHEBI:13804 CHEBI:22288 CHEBI:2553 chebi_ontology CHEBI:30879 alcohol A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. CHEBI:133770 chebi_ontology CHEBI:2676 amoxicillin A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. CHEBI:14743 CHEBI:25866 CHEBI:45073 CHEBI:7962 chebi_ontology CHEBI:18208 benzylpenicillin A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. CHEBI:102718 CHEBI:3717 CHEBI:41638 chebi_ontology CHEBI:100241 ciprofloxacin Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective. CHEBI:554084 chebi_ontology CHEBI:4392 demeclocycline Tetracycline in which the 5beta-hydrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group, while the 6alpha-hydroxy group is replaced by hydrogen. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis. CHEBI:42135 CHEBI:4713 chebi_ontology CHEBI:50845 doxycycline A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. CHEBI:4796 chebi_ontology CHEBI:157175 enoxacin A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. chebi_ontology CHEBI:4868 estramustine A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). CHEBI:5090 chebi_ontology CHEBI:75984 flecainide A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. chebi_ontology CHEBI:31810 fleroxacin A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes. CHEBI:101712 chebi_ontology CHEBI:5280 gatifloxacin An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6128 ketoprofen A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery. CHEBI:6517 chebi_ontology CHEBI:116278 lomefloxacin A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6805 methacycline A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. CHEBI:44053 CHEBI:6939 chebi_ontology CHEBI:50694 minocycline A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7443 nabumetone A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase. CHEBI:7629 chebi_ontology CHEBI:100246 norfloxacin An oxazinoquinolone carrying carboxy, fluoro, methyl and 4-methylpiperazino substituents. A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent, it inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. CHEBI:100146 chebi_ontology CHEBI:7731 ofloxacin A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. CHEBI:25811 CHEBI:521157 CHEBI:596903 CHEBI:7871 chebi_ontology CHEBI:27701 oxytetracycline A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. CHEBI:26894 CHEBI:45729 CHEBI:9474 chebi_ontology CHEBI:27902 tetracycline A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. chebi_ontology CHEBI:7936 paroxetine A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain. CHEBI:25868 CHEBI:44947 CHEBI:7966 chebi_ontology CHEBI:27446 phenoxymethylpenicillin An L-valine derivative that is an antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. CHEBI:8873 chebi_ontology CHEBI:45409 ritonavir A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups. chebi_ontology CHEBI:26895 tetracyclines A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens. CHEBI:39496 CHEBI:9705 chebi_ontology CHEBI:39501 2,2,2-tetramine An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2904 atenolol A member of the class of oxazolidines that is isoxazoldin-3-one which is substituted at position 4 by an amino group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23503 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. chebi_ontology CHEBI:4885 ethionamide A mixture consisting of >= 90% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (R = Me) and <= 10% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (R = H). A semi-synthetic derivative of abamectin, it is used as a broad-spectrum antiparasite medication, particularly against worms (except tapeworms), although it is also effective against most mites and some lice. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6078 ivermectin A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine). CHEBI:39677 CHEBI:46075 chebi_ontology CHEBI:9652 tranylcypromine Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:77383 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4). chebi_ontology CHEBI:38623 EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor An EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.4.3.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76861 EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors (EC 1.4.*.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76730 EC 1.4.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group) inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76725 EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitor A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor An one-carbon compound that has formula CHNaO3. chebi_ontology CHEBI:32139 sodium hydrogencarbonate Histamine antagonists are the drugs that bind to but do not activate histamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine or histamine agonists. chebi_ontology CHEBI:37956 histamine antagonist Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances. chebi_ontology CHEBI:48706 antagonist An agent that binds to but does not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists. beta-Adrenergic antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches and anxiety. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35530 beta-adrenergic antagonist An agent that binds to but does not activate adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. chebi_ontology CHEBI:37887 adrenergic antagonist Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter. chebi_ontology CHEBI:37962 adrenergic agent A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35942 neurotransmitter agent A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. chebi_ontology CHEBI:4903 17alpha-ethynylestradiol An inhibitor of HIV protease, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35660 HIV protease inhibitor An antiviral agent that destroys or inhibits the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus. chebi_ontology CHEBI:64946 anti-HIV agent A substance that destroys or inhibits replication of viruses. chebi_ontology CHEBI:22587 antiviral agent A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans. CHEBI:22582 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33281 antimicrobial agent Any EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that inhibits HMG-CoA reductases. Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors have been shown to lower directly cholesterol synthesis. The Enzyme Commission designation is EC 1.1.1.34 for the NADPH-dependent enzyme and EC 1.1.1.88 for an NADH-dependent enzyme. chebi_ontology CHEBI:35664 EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76835 EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76726 EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. chebi_ontology CHEBI:6888 6alpha-methylprednisolone An EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor that blocks the action of 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.35). chebi_ontology CHEBI:71942 EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*). CHEBI:76774 chebi_ontology CHEBI:50218 EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76760 EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors. chebi_ontology CHEBI:49200 EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme that catalyses transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*). chebi_ontology CHEBI:76895 EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*). CHEBI:76765 chebi_ontology CHEBI:73216 EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50949 serotonin uptake inhibitor chebi_ontology CHEBI:48278 serotonergic drug Tacrolimus is a macrolide containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. CHEBI:42555 CHEBI:4958 chebi_ontology CHEBI:61049 tacrolimus (anhydrous) A mixture composed of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate; a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The potassium clavulanate component is particularly active against the clinically important plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases frequently responsible for transferred drug resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. chebi_ontology CHEBI:2677 Augmentin A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens. CHEBI:39496 CHEBI:9705 chebi_ontology CHEBI:39501 2,2,2-tetramine A member of the class of oxazolidines that is isoxazoldin-3-one which is substituted at position 4 by an amino group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:23503 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one A compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. chebi_ontology CHEBI:49325 oral contraceptive A chemical substance or agent with contraceptive activity in females. chebi_ontology CHEBI:49324 female contraceptive drug A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50114 estrogen Any hormone that is responsible for controlling sexual characteristics and reproductive function. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50112 sex hormone Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds. chebi_ontology CHEBI:24621 hormone Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own. chebi_ontology CHEBI:48705 agonist chebi_ontology CHEBI:33280 molecular messenger This food product type includes food products which are derived from or produced by a plant. plant food product plant fruit food product alcoholic beverage fermented beverage A citrus fruit is botanically classified as a type of berry called a hesperidium that has a thick, leathery rind, with numerous oil glands, and a large flesh portion composed of several wedge-shaped sections. Unlike pome fruit, such as the apple, the citrus fruit is derived from a superior ovary, an ovary completely separate from the calyx. Damion Dooley citrus fruit food product Food product that is 1) ready or nearly ready for consumption; 2) usually a composite of several foods or ingredients that often belong to distinct product types; 3) usually formulated, mixed and partially or fully cooked. prepared food product plant derived beverage fermented plant derived beverage food (fermented) Damion Dooley A fermentation process in which either carbohydrates, proteins or fats are modified through microbial, enzymatic and/or other biological process. fermentation/modification process alcoholic beverage grain based alcoholic beverage grapefruit food product barley malt beverage plant based alcoholic beverage food product by preservation method food product by organism A process involving the physical transformation of a food source or food product into some derived organic material or food product Damion Dooley food transformation process http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1619 subset_siren SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with no visible particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430123) * derives from 'germinated or sprouted seed' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420102) * formed as a result of 'flavoring, spice or herb added, natural' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460229) * formed as a result of 'alcohol fermentation process' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460232) * formed as a result of 'carbonated by fermentation' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03460246) * formed as a result of 'preservation by filtration' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03470121) beer http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F6174 subset_siren SIREN DB annotation: * has quality 'liquid, low viscosity, with small particles' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03430114) * derives from 'fruit, peel present, core, pit or seed present' (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03420140) grapefruit juice citrus fruit juice fruit juice food product http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0229 flesh of fruit LanguaL curation note: Renamed from *FRUIT OR BERRY, PEEL REMOVED, CORE, PIT OR SEED REMOVED* in LanguaL 2008. fruit, peel removed, core, pit or seed removed http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0138 LanguaL curation note: Renamed from *FRUIT OR BERRY, PEEL REMOVED* in LanguaL 2008. fruit, peel removed The fleshy fruit of any plant. *FRUIT* includes vegetables berries and pods as well. The bulk of a fruit is its fleshy part, which is covered by a peel (skin) and which encloses a core, pit or seeds. http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0167 berry berry or fruit (anatomical part) fruit or berry, peel undetermined hip (fruit) infructescence LanguaL curation note: The descriptors under *FRUIT* are arrayed so that the indexer can check first whether the peel is present, removed or undetermined; then check the same informationfor the core, pit or seeds. For juices, beverages or jellies made from fruit, Index the entire part from which the product is derived. Renamed from *FRUIT OR BERRY* in LanguaL 2008. fruit part http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0165 fruit or seed Anatomical part of a plant, such as fruit, seed, pod, leaf, stem or flower as well as the whole plant. http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0174 part of plant Anatomical part of the plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived, e.g., *LEAF*, *ROOT OR TUBER*, *ORGAN MEAT*, *MILK* OR *EGG*; it also includes components of parts, such as *CREAM*, and extracts, concentrates or isolates, such as *PROTEIN EXTRACT* or *SUGAR*. http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0116 part of plant or animal nonfermented plant derived beverage http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F15552 subset_siren juice beverage http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1977 subset_siren beverage food product by culinary role http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F11737 subset_siren processed food product Used to specifically characterize a food product based on the treatment or processes applied to the product or any indexed ingredient. The processes include adding, substituting or removing components or modifying the food or component, e.g., through fermentation. Multiple values can be assigned. http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=H0111 LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term. food treatment process Modified by microbial or enzymatic action resulting in molecular changes in any food component. If salt, sugar or other food additive is used to aid in the modification process, index it by the appropriate term under *INGREDIENT ADDED*. http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=H0119 fermented, unspecified microbial/enzymatic modification process http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=H0141 LanguaL curation note: Used when the food product underwent mechanical, chemical or enzymatic modification that has affected the texture, flavor or other characteristic of the product. food modification process The methods contributing to the prevention or retardation of microbial, enzymatic or oxidative spoilage and thus to the extension of shelf life. Index all methods for which information is available, even if a corresponding descriptor has already been used in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. Preservation descriptors refer to the finished food as a whole with these exceptions: (1) if the components of a multi-component food, such as cream pie, are preservation by different methods, index all methods; (2) if chemical preservatives are declared on the label, always index them even if it is known that the preservative was introduced through or is only present in a component or ingredient of the food; and (3) if the preservation method for an ingredient is declared on the label (such as brie cheese made from pasteurized milk) index it. Also use *INGREDIENT preservation by THERMAL PROCESSING* or *INGREDIENT preservation by IRRADIATION* when ingredients have been pasteurized, ultrapasteurized, sterilized or irradiated. http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=J0107 LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term. food preservation process milk or milk based food product A dairy food product has mammilian milk or a milk component as an ingredient. Damion Dooley dairy food product A food product which is derived from or produced by an animal. vertebrate animal food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1103 subset_siren orange juice (food product) orange food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F9832 subset_siren orange (whole, raw) http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=E0150 LanguaL curation note: Whole refers not only to a whole plant or animal but also to a whole part as indexed in C. PART OF PLANT OR ANIMAL; examples of whole natural products are: an apple, rice in grain form, an asparagus spear, a spinach leaf, a beef carcass, a dressed chicken, a chicken drumstick, a calf liver. Products may have been slightly modified during processing and preservation (e.g., raisins or a pear that has been peeled and cored). whole, natural shape Refers to natural or formed shape as appropriate, regardless of size, which may vary from very large (e.g., beef carcass) to very small (e.g., poppy seed, yeast cell). http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=E0131 whole The physical state of the food product (liquid, semiliquid, semisolid, or solid). Solid food products are further subdivided by shape or form. Terms are provided for products that have both liquid and solid components or that incorporate air or other gases. [FDA CFSAN 1995] http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=E0113 Damion Dooley's note: these categories need to be mapped over to PATO phenotypic categories, with a suitable treatment of mixtures of solids that are divided into parts. food physical quality food object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. physical object quality A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities quality fruit (fresh) food (fresh) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F15615 subset_siren fruit food product An orange, whole or in pieces, for eating or other food processing. Damion Dooley orange (whole or parts) food product by quality http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1702 subset_siren grapefruit (whole, raw) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F10368 subset_siren soy protein soybean refined food product gluton refined food product plant based refined or partially-refined food product refined or partially-refined food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1419 subset_siren apple juice (food product) apple food product pomaceous fruit food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1710 subset_siren apple (whole, raw) An apple, whole or in pieces, for eating, baking or other food processing. Damion Dooley http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F10788 subset_siren apple (whole or parts) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1727 subset_siren celery (raw) celery vegetable food product plant stem or spear vegetable food product plant stem food product Any plant food product which, typically, is constituted by intact parts from one or more annual plants cultivated as field and garden crops in the open and under glass, and used almost exclusively for food. vegetable food product Cheese is a food derived from milk that is produced in a wide range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese cheese food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F7240 subset_siren chocolate chocolate food product A food product derived from Theobroma cacao. cacao food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F16704 subset_siren cocoa mass plant seed food product The main propagative part of a plant, especially the kernel of a grain or nut. The bulk of the seed is formed by the endosperm, which encloses the germ and is covered by skin (bran). http://langual.org http://www.langual.org/langual_thesaurus.asp?termid=C0155 dehulled seed kernel kernel or seed nut, shelled (part or portion) seed or kernel, skin undetermined seed without shell or hull shelled seed LanguaL curation note: The factor values under *SEED* are arrayed so that the indexer can check first whether the skin is present, removed or undetermined and then check the same information for the germ. Renamed from *SEED OR KERNEL* in LanguaL 2008. seed (anatomical part) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F15302 subset_siren cocoa food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1671 subset_siren cranberry juice berry juice http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1077 subset_siren fish (whole or parts) fish food product A frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavours. Most varieties contain sugar, although some are made with other sweeteners. In some cases, artificial flavourings and colourings are used in addition to (or in replacement of) the natural ingredients. This mixture is stirred slowly while cooling to prevent large ice crystals from forming; the result is a smoothly textured ice cream. ice-cream ice cream food product frozen dairy dessert dairy dessert food product frozen dairy food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F3220 subset_siren dessert (food product) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F5428 subset_siren lemon juice lemon food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1441 subset_siren lemon (whole, raw) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1813 subset_siren mango (raw) mango food product parsley food product A vegetable product such as leaves, flowers, seeds and roots that is rich in essential oils and aromatic principles. Used mainly a a condiment. Damion Dooley http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef10e.htm#1.01 spice or herb A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish. condiment food product A relish, sauce, or seasoning added to food to impart a particular flavour or to complement the dish. Wikipedia:Condiment http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1115 subset_siren soy sauce condiment sauce gravy or sauce food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F4639 subset_siren green tea leaf (dry) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1648 subset_siren tea (dry) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F15081 subset_siren tea food product food (cooked) tea based beverage steeped beverage product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1713 subset_siren broccoli (raw) broccoli vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F11349 subset_siren asparagus (raw) asparagus vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F6697 subset_siren beet leaf (raw) beet food product plant root vegetable food product A food product derived from or produced by a plant. plant root food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1714 subset_siren brussels sprout (raw) brussels sprout vegetable food product plant head vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1326 subset_siren cabbage (raw) cabbage vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F4860 subset_siren collard (raw) collard vegetable food product kale vegetable food product plant leaf vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F2987 subset_siren endive (raw) endive food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F4859 subset_siren kale (raw) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1613 subset_siren lettuce (raw) lettuce vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1716 subset_siren spinach (raw) spinach food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1852 subset_siren turnip greens (leaf and stem, raw) turnip vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F11340 subset_siren scallion (raw) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F15523 subset_siren fats and oils vegetable plant fat or oil refined food product plant based refined or partially-refined food product refined or partially-refined food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F10482 subset_siren rapeseed oil rape fat or oil refined food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1826 subset_siren olive oil olive fat or oil refined food product margarine food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F5236 subset_siren avocado (whole, raw) avocado vegetable food product plant fruit vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1357 subset_siren cashew nut http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F6517 subset_siren pine nut (raw) stone pine nut food product nut food product Mature ovary of a plant, with a fleshy part of the carpel that develops with the seed to attract animals for aid in dispersal. Botanically, nuts are considered fruits. botanical fruit food product cashew nut food product kiwi food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1721 subset_siren prune (whole, dehydrated) http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F16905 subset_siren prune (whole or parts) prune food product plum fruit food product stone fruit food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F10882 subset_siren alcohol-free beer barley alcoholic beverage analog alcoholic beverage analog beverage analog food product analog http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F2734 subset_siren beef liver (raw) Meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle (cows). beef food product bovine meat food product A food product made of meat, the skeletal muscle and associated fat, and other edible tissues such as organs, livers, skin, brains, bone marrow, kidneys, or lungs, of mammals. meat food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F1179 subset_siren chicken liver (raw) chicken meat food product poultry meat food product A food product from a category of domestic birds kept for meat, eggs, and feathers including fowl such as chickens, turkeys, and waterfowls such as domestic ducks and geese and other meat birds such as pigeons and doves and games birds including pheasants. poultry food product avian food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F12067 subset_siren salami (food product) A dairy product produced by bacterial fermentation of milk. yoghourt yoghurt yougert yogurt food product fermented dairy food product fermented soybean food product soybean (vegetable) food product bean (vegetable) food product A one-celled fruit (pod) usually dehiscing down both sutures, and having the seed attached along a ventral suture. (Roubik 1995) http://www.fao.org/pollination/resources/glossary/en/ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03411254 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/FOODON_03411338 legume food product plant seed vegetable food product http://langual.org SUBSET_SIREN:F10006 subset_siren fermented bean product A substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure. food product